Rev. Mapping Arts Project - Chicago Dreamland Cafe Girl friend and sister went there every Sat. Cecilia was an Omaha native who graduated from Omaha Central High School in 1902. reportedly the wealthiest Negro in Omaha.. Through the roaring 20s up through the 50s and 60s at clubs like Dreamland Ballroom, Club Harlem, and Allen's Showcase Lounge on North 24th Street, they played - often alongside homegrown stars like Preston Love and Anna Mae Winburn. It's 1910 grand opening featured a few of the early jazz greats, such as Ma Rainey, Ethel Waters, Sidney Bechet, and Erskine Tate. Doc Cook and his 14 Doctors of Syncopation, Bill Crow: Bassist and Storyteller Supreme, New Orleans Trumpet: Freddie Keppard, Chris Kelly, & Buddy Petit, A Century of The Charleston: James P. Johnsons Enduring Legacy. Oxford University Press, 1993, 17-18, Joe King Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band. Arkansas PBS's online program schedule has new features to help make sure you never miss an episode! Oscar DePriest was Chicago's first African-American alderman and the first African-American congressman elected in the 20th Century. The Elite Club also opened its doors in 1910 with Albert Hunter, Earl Hines, and Jelly Roll upon its stage. All rights reserved. It was built by Paddy Harmon on Van Buren Street beneath the old, elevated Metropolitan "L" train tracks. Privacy | Glass Animals Floor Seats Glass Animals floor seats can provide a once-in-a-lifetime experience. The Crawford County park. By continuing to use this website, you consent to our use of these cookies. Doc Cook and his Dreamland Orchestra - The Syncopated Times 20's. 1919 and 1928. [D] Old DANCE NIGHTCLUB's index|Ballroom|Juke|Hall ArtEnsembleOfChicago.com - Lincoln Gardens. Many would-be commuters complained that the crowding inside the stations was so severe that trains would often come and go before they even had the chance to board. Rev. Wells co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. Billie Holliday, Ella Fitzgerald, Dizzy Gillespie, Louis Armstrong, Ray Charles and Duke Ellington have all performed in the Dreamland Ballroom at Taborian Hall, which has stood at Little Rock's . www.domu.com/chicago/neighborhoods/near-west-side/history-in-near-west-side, Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 15_5 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) GSA/219.0.457350353 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1. Menu - Dine-in, Takeout, Catering | Dreamland BBQ It allowed musicians to exercise and gain experience in the pre-jazz genre. Her job includes live call-in programming, on-air promotion, taped specials, documentaries, and crew/staff supervision. In his autobiography, Preston Love, Sr. said that profit from the Dreamland Ballroom made the Jewell family one of the richest African American families in Omaha. For several years, the building maintained a busy exterior, temporarily housing the Great Plains Black History Museum and other community efforts while staying busy as an OECD office. Louis Armstrong, Earl Hines, and Johnny Dodds were some of the top jazz musicians to be featured at the Grand Terrace Ballroom. Rare photos of the demolition of Winterland Ballroom A young Preston Love, Sr. (19212004) recalled in his autobiography that in the 1930s he and his friends would climb the fire escape at the back of the building to listen to bands they were too young to go inside to watch. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Following his service in the Nation's Capitol, heserved as alderman again from 1943 to 1947. Benny Goodman Takes Jazz From The Nightclubs To The Concert Halls - NPR By C. Tymoch. In the 1930s, the Tabors, like many fraternal organizations at the time, lost their assets in the Great Depression. Dreamland is the oldest surviving amusement park in the UK with modern day facilities complemented by the vintage charm of yesteryear. Jewell was stationed at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas, where he was a liaison between the Army and the USO. One was Ida Norris, mother of Clarence Norris (19131989) who was one of nine African Americans framed for raping a white woman in Scottsboro, Alabama. Located at North 24th and Erskine Streets, its a park covering a single lot, the area is a well-groomed plaza. Arcadia Ballroom. Cecilia served as a president of the Omaha NAACP, and is also credited as a founder of the Negro Old Folks Home, and was the music director at St. Phillip Episcopal Church, a segregated congregation by North 21st and Nicholas Streets. In 1925-1926, Bottoms featured Louis Armstrong in the Dream Syncopators, securing the Dreamland Cafes place at the vanguard of early 20th century jazz in Chicago. Between 1957 and 1964 he charted 29 top-40 hits, including Chain Gang, You Send Me, Twisting the Night Away, Having a Party, Another Saturday Night, and "Wonderful World.Cooke'sfamily moved fromMississippitoChicagoin 1933 (when he was two years-old) and initially lived in a kitchenette apartment at33rdand State streets, but they soon moved to the top floor of the four-storyLenoxBuilding, which was at 3527 South Cottage Grove. Daniel Burnham developed urban plans for the cities of Chicago, San Francisco, and Washington D.C. and chaired the 1893 world's fair (otherwise known as the Columbian Exposition). A story? In a landmark case, he was granted $3,000 for damages and compensation in return for his commitment to stop reporting bad things about the government to the media. Located on 3435-30 S. State Street is the beautiful Monogram Theatre. After her graduation, she traveled Europe as a classical singer, reportedly performing in front of several royal courts. His family, including his wife Cecilia and son Jimmy, Jr. lived in the apartment on the first floor. In 1955, Sonny Rollins was invited to replace Harold Land in the Clifford Brown and Max Roach Quintet. Other forthcoming works are the feature films; All the Birds Have Flown South, a southern gothic drama that deals with despair and addiction, and Antiquities, a coming of age story about a young man encountering loss and finding himself in the journey. Anonymous, I recall the book store on the west side of the street. This website uses cookies to help us give you the best experience when you visit our website. He is a Film Independent: Project Involve fellow and was selected to participate in the Berlinale Talents Program at the 2014 Berlin Film Festival. Published on May 4, 2021 By Tim. History In Bronzeville - Chicago | Domu The rest, as they say, is history. Ballroom in Chicago, IL. Starting in 1904, his wife Cecilia Wilson Jewell (18821946) was noted in the Omaha World-Herald as an African American singer and performer. Leroy Bernadine was the rink manager at the time. Other organizations housed in the Jewell Building today include the Omaha Chapter of the NAACP, 100 Black Men, and American Harvest Company. Best experience!!! By 1938, clarinetist Benny Goodman was already known as "The King of Swing" the leader of the most popular dance band in America at a time when swing jazz was America's most popular music. Her obituary called her a political worker. Dreamland Ballroom | 40+ Photos | Abandoned Arkansas In 1936, an African American Communist Party vice-presidential candidate named James W. Ford (1893-1957) spoke at the hall. ): refugee freed slaves came to Little Rock, 1872: Knights and Daughters of Tabor founded, 1890: 1/6 of population in Little Rock foreign born and over of population born in Little Rock born in the North, 1901: Founder of Knights and Daughters of Tabor, Rev. In 1992, Daleydeclared May 2nd as "Bessie Coleman Day in Chicago.". Dreamland Margate What's on Douglas purchased a substantial amount of land in the city and donated 10 acres to the old University of Chicago. When the legendary Marx Brothers comedians came to Chicago on the vaudeville circuit in the 1910s, they resided at 4512 South King Drive. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. You can explore by clicking on map markers, or by clicking on the "Archives" link to go straight to the Artists and Locations. His life ended abruptly in aLosAngelesmotel onDecember11, 1964, when the motel manager, BerthaFranklin, shot and killedhim in self-defense. He came back to the Dreamland repeatedly through the two decades after he started playing there. Jewell, Jr. renovated the front of the building in 1940. Dreamland Ballroom little changed in 1920. In fact, a reporter covering the story for the Chicago Herald-Tribune wrote that the "rapid transit" trains "so impressed many of those occupying seats that it served to loosen their tongues, and apparently sane gentlemen, entire strangers to one another, freely discussed the novel, but none the less satisfactory journey without the usual formality of introductions." Reminisce: Dreamland Ballroom Omaha's home for jazz The Dreamland Ballroom Facebook page regularly updates with photos and routine progress reports on the construction. The Arcadia Ballroom, at 4444 N. Broadway was one of the first Dance Halls in Chicago. In 1925, he married pianist and composer LillianHardin, and they bought a home at 421 East 44th Street. At 2221 N. 24th St. stood the Jewell Building (opened in 1923 and named after James "Jimmy" Grant Jewell Sr.), home of the Dreamland Ballroom, where jazz greats performed. She currently resides in Conway with her husband, Charnley, and their two children, Taylor and Carson. When Bill Bottoms took over ownership in 1917, he hired Joe King Oliver and his band to be the house band, stealing them away from DeLuxe Cafe. I remember being woken up by my parents when the Arcadia burned down. That went on for several decades afterwards. When she was 22 years old, Burroughs founded the South Side Community Arts Center. They had gone to a dance at the old Dreamland Ballroom which was in the 400 block on Main St. You can still see the mural, which took one month to paint, featuring Muddy Waters, B.B. I remember the Arcadia roller rink. History Uncovered: Did you know about Sheboygan County's rich history Life was fun and simple. Also known as Bottoms Dreamland Cafe, for Bill Bottom who re-opened the venue in 1917, Dreamland Cafe was part of a wave of black & tan cabarets that opened in the early 20th century across Bronzeville. Their improvised comedy act was zany, sharp, and often satirical. Life in Chicago, Chicago Snooze You Lose, Best Things to Today the Stephen A. Douglas Tomb, which was designated as a Chicago landmark on September28, 1977, can be found at 35th Street and Cottage Grove Avenue. After Chicago, the group quickly moved on to Broadway and then to hollywood, where they gained international fame. Guyon opened his first ballroomthe Dreamlandearlier in 1914 at the corner of VanBuren and Paulina Streets on the city's near west side. The scene cost $600,000 to produce, according to the Chicago Sun-Times. Dreamland Super Variety Cinema advert 1929. Also a bit of a disappointment are the six selections that he appears on with Doc Cook's Dreamland Orchestra on Jan. 21, 1924. This is the history of one of the most important locations in the 24th and Lake Historic District, the Jewell Building, home of the Dreamland Ballroom and much more. Change). Sat 5th August 2023. The band also recorded under the names ofCookies GingersnapsandDoc Cook and his 14 Doctors of Syncopation. The Dreamland Ballroom tells the history of this once-thriving African American business district Built sometime between 1916 and 1918, the building was home to the Arkansas Chapter of the. In 1990, Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daleyrenamed Old Mannheim Road near O'Hare International Airport "Bessie Coleman Drive." COIN Tickets, 2023 Concert Tour Dates | Ticketmaster Together, Armstrong and Hines formed a potent team and made . The Club hosted several shows featuring Freddy Keppard's Band, Natty Dominique, Carroll Dickerson, Earl Hines, Vernie Robinson, and Sammy Stewart along with his Knights of Syncopation. On the homepage, filter the map by clicking on the "Filter" link on the left. Domu, LLC 2023Domu, LLC is an independently owned affiliate of Schatz Realty, LLC. Children in Crisis, Delta Dreams, and U.N.I.T.Y. The property noted above was north of Montrose a block or so.And I think now "Crittenton's above should have two "t's as in this sentence. Opened in 1916, the Paradise was owned and operated by J. Louis Guyon, who had been promoting dances in Chicago since 1904. Nat "King" Cole was a legendary vocalist and pianist. Stepping into history on 08/3/22. This website is an informational resource for private use only and is not affiliated with any organization. Continue Reading At . Dreamland's majestic tower dominated Coney Island's skyline from the park's opening in 1904 until its fiery demise in 1911. Whether it was from his time covering breaking news, to shooting in remote locations in South America for an adventure show or crafting stylistic narrative stories, he approaches each project with dutiful ambition, respectful collaboration, and innovative technique. The historic Dreamland Ballroom was once again filled with music and dancing Feb. 11 for the fundraiser Dancing into Dreamland. Cookeattended Doolittle Elementary School and Wendell PhillipsHigh School. He is regarded as one of the most influential musical personalities in American history. Cooke's family moved to the fourth floor of the Lenox Building at 3527 South Cottage Grove Avenue after briefly living at 33rd and State streets. Since she could not work as a commercial pilot in the United States, she performed in stunt-flying shows all across the country. The 24th and Lake Historic District is being recognized more and more as a cultural asset to all of Omaha, and to the Midwestern United States overall. Gunhild Carling Swings Back into Action with Good Evening Cats! Hire Dreamland | Hall By The Sea | VenueScanner Joe-Conway is also instrumental in grant writing, budgeting, and other office management activities. It allowed musicians to exercise and gain, Chicago You A five-day race riot ensued, during which dozens of people died, hundreds more were injured, and perhaps a thousand were left homeless. Late in the year, that team made plans convert the building to become the North Omaha Community Center. If you are the site owner (or you manage this site), please whitelist your IP or if you think this block is an error please open a support ticket and make sure to include the block details (displayed in the box below), so we can assist you in troubleshooting the issue. 8 on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart. The annual fundraiser benefits the Friends of Dreamland, a nonprofit dedicated to restoring the historic Dreamland Ballroom, and is set for 7 p.m. on Saturday, Feb. 11. They were also involved in the well-being of the African American community, including the Grove Methodist Church, the Negro Christian Womens Association, and the formation of the Omaha chapter of the NAACP. The albums he recorded between 1955 and 1959 are among the most expressive and exhilarating examples of the art. When Bessie Coleman graduated from the Federation Aeronautique Internationale in France, she became the first licensed African-American aviatrix (female aviator) in the world. Major funding for the film was provided by Arkansas Humanities Council and The Moving Image Trust Fund. Dr. John AlbertWilliams | Rev. All images are copyright their respective owners. Top Ballrooms for Hire in Chicago, IL - The Bash I meant to write, facing west on the east side of the streetsorry. Located on 3145 S. State Street was the Vendome Theater. The Blues Brothers - Ray's Music Exchange, Bessie Coleman: The First African-American Female Pilot, Click to see links to all history section. Hiring popular Omaha architect Frederick A. Henninger (18651944), designs called for storefronts and and apartments on the first floor, along with a large public hall on the second floor. An earlier facility called the Mecca Hall on the same corner of North 24th and Grant Streets had hosted smaller events, but didnt fill Jewells vision. The Pekin is rumored to be Chicago's birthplace for the modern Jazz scene. Coleman was inducted into the Women In Aviation Hall of Fame in 1995. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with that. This is a 16+ event. Security | Also known as Bottom s Dreamland Cafe, for Bill Bottom who re-opened the venue in 1917, Dreamland Cafe was part of a wave of black & tan cabarets that opened in the early 20th century across Bronzeville. It was one of the few places on the north side of Chicago which would book black jazz . Unfortunately, the hall feel under Al Capone's territory for quite some time until its full demise. The album's breakout single, "Talk Too Much," would rack up over 25 million plays on Spotify, peaking at No. Also known as "Dr. Dan," Daniel Hale Williams was an African-American doctor credited for performing the first successful open-heart surgery. Mr/Mrs. Row 24. Moses Dickson, died, 1917-1923: West 9th Street was highly prosperous, 1930's: Knights and Daughters of Tabor lose Taborian Hall due to the Great Depression, 1936: Chicago Defender writes about Dreamland Ballroom, 1941: 8th Street Expressway (later I630) proposal in Pulaski County Planning Board report, 1942: Taborian Hall is used as Black servicemen's club, 1942: USO Dance at Robinson Auditorium in Downtown Little Rock, 1955: Jim Crow laws breaking down but geographical segregation rises, 1957: Little Rock Nine attempt integration at Central High School, 1957: Start of civil rights protests for African-American equality, 1958: Tentative plan for 8th Street Expressway (later I630), 1959: Dreamland Ballroom closes and a new club goes in its place, 1964: Construction around W. 9th Street starts, 1965: Club following Dreamland Ballroom closes, 1970: I630 added to interstate system by Arkansas Representative Wilbur D. Mills, 1975: Arkansas Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN) gets involved with the I630 project, 1988: City of Little Rock plans to demolish buildings of West 9th Street and Little Rock Historical Society thwarted the project. (Transit officials pledged to alleviate the congestion before the world's fair commenced the following year.) Ballrooms - Dreamland - IL - Lonny Lynn Robert S. Abbott founded the Chicago Defender in 1905. The two-story ballroom has been largely unused in recent years and was partly used for storage. (Imagine that! The cause of the fire that destroyed Conneaut Lake Park's historic Dreamland Ballroom and part of the amusement park's midway is being listed as undetermined so far, according to George Ida B. In 1982, he produced the "Thriller" LP forMichael Jackson, which subsequently became the best-selling album in American history. The Vendome Theater may have been built in 1919, but it didn't gain true popularity until the winter of 1925 when Louis Armstrong, the master cornetist, graced its stage with a residency. I would go there on saturdays to skate in the mid 50's. FlagandBanner.com Announces Free Tours Scheduled For The Dreamland Ballroom The afternoon shift was usually a lighter rhythm section for guests to enjoy background music with their dinner and then the main band would grace the stage at 10pm and take you on a long musical journey into the wee hours of the morning. The name "The Jewell . As a businessman, Jimmy Grant Jewell, knew the African American community needed more than what the neighborhood provided. Glass Animals Announce Dreamland Tour Of North America - uDiscover Music Living large, while they were married the Jewells took an annual sojourn to the African American luxury resort in Idlewild, Minnesota. He performed frequently at clubs in and near the famed "State Street Stroll" in the heart of Bronzeville. One morning I grabbed my skates and walked there, only to find that it had burned down. The writing, graphics, art, podcasts, videos, and other content herein should not be reused in any form without permission. When the legendary Marx Brothers comedians came to Chicago on the vaudeville circuit in the 1910s, they resided at 4512 South King Drive. Burnham lived with his family at 4300 South Michigan Avenue. Lil Hardin-Armstrong (pianist), Jimmy Bertrand (drummer), Earl Hines, and Freddie Keppard (cornetist) were just a few of the other notable jazz artists to perform on the Vendome stage during the 1920s. First, he worked with community partners to have the building designated as an official Omaha Landmark by the City of Omaha Landmark Heritage Preservation Commission. His work has been screened at film festivals such as Slamdance and Tribeca, broadcast on networks the likes of HBO, Showtime and PBS, and screened theatrically across the US. Dreamland and Hall by the Sea | Margate History The centerpiece of this was the Dreamland Ballroom where noted jazz saxophonist Preston Love got his start wit. Youll probably like my article called A History of Allens Showcase at https://northomahahistory.com/2020/02/24/a-history-of-allens-showcase-in-north-omaha/. OPEN SOURCE. Harsh also started a lecture series featuring Gwendolyn Brooks, Richard Wright, and Langston Hughes. This groundbreaking Jazz club was one of the first to employ musicians who played pre-jazz and ragtime genre music such as Tony Jackson, Joe Jordan and Wilbur Sweatman. Later, renamed the Dreamland Ballroom, it burned to the ground on January 7, 1956. Glass Animals Official Website | New album DREAMLAND out now Greater is a heartfelt drama set in the world of college football. Device name . Two symmetrical 1,600 square foot storefronts split the first floor with a doorway to the second floor in the middle. "From Dreamland to Showcase: Jazz in Chicago, 1912 to 1996" presents a In 1938, the Omaha World-Herald noted that Jewell, Jr. was reportedly the wealthiest Negro in Omaha.. In 1945, he was discharged and went back to North Omaha. Dreamland Great Ballroom ca 1930a. A vibrant nightlife emerges along North 24th. Doors open at 6:30 p.m. Friday, November 6 at 800 West 9th Street, Little Rock, Ark. He resided at 4536 South King Drive in Bronzeville. Acquitted at age 64, Norris reported a lifelong stigma against him and his codefendants. Remarried in 1946, Jewell, Jr. owned other businesses, too, including the gas station across Grant Street from the building. Discover Dreamland Ballroom | Arkansas.com While he led a band into 1928 and worked with Charlie Elgar at Chicago's Savoy Ballroom, his playing . West Ninth Street buildings included offices for Black professionals, businesses, hotels, and entertainment venues. (LogOut/ The Austin High Gang, the New Orleans Rhythm Kings, Fred Teschemacher, Steven Brown, Emmett Hardy, Bud Freeman, George Brunies, Paul Mares, Bee Palmer, Leon Popolo and Mel Stitzel were all well known artists to hit the Inn's stage. SamCookewas a pioneer of soul,r&b, pop, and gospel music. Opened in 1910 as a combination dance hall and skating rink, the Arcadia Ballroom, situated along the west side of Broadway just north of Montrose Avenue, was one of the Uptown district's best known entertainment destinations. It featured jazz and blues musicians like Joe King Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band, Johnny and Warren Baby Dodds, Alberta Hunter, Lil Hardin, Louis Armstrong, Sidney Bechet, and Cab Calloway. Located on 338 East 35 St. was the wondrous Plantation Cafe. SamCooke was one of the country's first soul and r&b singers. Do in Chicago, 8 Money Saving Ways to Experience Chicago. dreamland-rle.html. Chicago; The dreamland was one of the first ballrooms in the history of Chicago, opened in 1912, featuring players as King Oliver, Johnny & Warren "Baby" Dodds, Louis Armstrong and Hot Five, Alberta Hunter, Sidney Bechet, Lawrence Duh, Ethel Waters. A Street of Dreams Part 8 - YouTube Doc Cookewas the conductor and musical director of the Orchestra at Paddy Harmons from 1922 to 1927. He had 29 top-40 hits in the United States between 1957 and 1964, including "Twistin' the Night Away," "You Send Me," "Another Saturday Night," "Chain Gang," and "What a Wonderful World." During the 1920s, the Dreamland Ballroom gained a national reputation for being a hotspot along the tour route from Chicago to San Francisco. He was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1981 as the first negro league representative. By the 1930s, Dreamland was firmly established as a stop on the "Chitlin Circuit," which showcased regional and national African-American bands and stage shows. Fri 4th August 2023. On July 27, 1919, an African-American man named Eugene Williams was swimming a bit too close to the unofficially segregated white peoples beach at 29th Street Beach and was struck in the head by a stone. Arrest made in Dreamland Ballroom fire - meadvilletribune.com Authorities allege Pope burned the Harmonsburg Presbyterian Church on Jan. 13, causing an estimated $180,000 in damages to the more than 160-year-old building; and the Dreamland Ballroom on Feb. 1 . Do you have anything you'd like to submit? Located on 209 E. 35th Street is the 1910 Entertainer's Cafe! Baseball player and owner Andrew "Rube" Foster organized the first black baseball league, the Negro National League, in 1920. After that was begun in 1983, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The younger Jewell, Jr. ran the building for the next 35 years. The Stage in the new Ballroom. Twin city press., June 22, 1940, Page PAGE THREE, Image 3 All graphics and images herein are scanned and/or generated by Adam Fletcher Sasse from original sources and also should not be used without permission. Lonny Lynn - Trivia - Ballroom Burning He came to Chicago during the heyday of jazz music in the 1920s to join his mentor, Joe("King") Oliver. Located on 459 East 31st Street is the Lincoln Gardens dance hall. He is arguably the greatest tenor saxophonist in jazz history. The Dreamland Ballroom was one of Chicago's first ballrooms to be established in 1912. Within a year, he definitively established himself as a tour de force of the tenor saxophone and a master of the hard bop idiom. documentaries. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like "Scat singing," which Louis Armstrong introduced into jazz, is _____., A new respectability for jazz was symbolized in 1938 when Benny Goodman gave an historic concert at _____., A typical bebop group might include _____. After Jimmy Jewell, Jr. became owner in 1930, he earned a reputation as "Omaha's Ace Promoter" after leading dozens of stars to the Dreamland. 1996 Spooked operators at Dreamland in 1998 Sophie Tucker, Al Jolson, and Eddie Cantor all had the privilege of playing at the Mill. However, after that the building went downhill fast and by the end of the decade it was vacant and boarded up. Things to Do in Chicago, Located on 2700 S. State Street is one of the most influential South side jazz clubs since 1910. The new Jewell Building would do exactly that. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); DISCLAIMERNorthOmahaHistory.com 2022 Adam Fletcher Sasse aka Adam F.C. Los Angeles. Thus beginning the normality of New Orleans musicians taking center spotlight across Chicago's stages. Dreamland Ballroom Copyright , 1828: Jim Crow caricature came on to the scene, 1854: African American business district in Little Rock established, 1860 (approx.